中国主要类型土壤Cd、Pb、Cu和As的主要生态学指标和临界含量

通过对中国主要类型土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb、As的生态效应和环境影响以及多指标、多体系确定土壤元素临界含量的研究,提出了中国主要类型土壤Cd、Cu、Pb、As的临界含量及其系统分类特征.     

离子强度、pH值和Ca2+/Al3+对马尾松幼苗的铝毒影响

测定了在不同溶液酸度、不同离子强度和Ca~(2+)/Al~(3+)比下,铝对马尾松幼苗生长状况的影响。结果表明,溶液酸度增加,离子强度减小时,铝的毒害作用增大。钙对铝毒有明显缓解作用,当Ca~(2+)/Al~(3+)增大时,铝的毒性减小,但其缓解作用与铝浓度有关,当铝浓度增加,钙的缓解能力下降。     

Photocatalytic remediation of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane contaminated soils using TiO2 and montmorillonite composite photocatalyst

TiO2 and montmorillonite composite photocatalysts were prepared and applied in degrading γ-hexachlorocyclohexane(γ-HCH)in soils.After being spiked with γ-HCH,soil samples loaded with the composite photocatalysts were exposed to UV-light irradiation.The results indicated that the photocatalytic activities of the composite photocatalysts varied with the content of TiO2 in the order of 10%＜70%＜50%＜30%.Moreover,the photocatalytic activity of the composite photocatalysts with TiO2 content 30% was higher than that of the pure P25 with the same mass of TiO2.The strong adsorption capacity of the composite photocatalysts and quantum size effect may contribute to its increased photocatalytic activities.In addition,effect of dosage of composite photocatalysts and soil pH on γ-HCH photodegradation was investigated. Pentachlorocyclohexene,trichlorocyclohexene,and dichlorobenzene were detected as photodegradation intermediates,which were gradually degraded with tlle phOtOdegradation evolution.     

Analysis and improving ways for water condition in winter wheat field of dryland in subhumid areas of the loess plateau

Based on the soil moisture data from the locating experiments from 1986-1990, and using the water balance method, the water supply and demand state in the field of winter wheat, and the ways for improving water condition in dryland of subhumid by dry area of the Loess Plateau were studied. The results suggested that a low precipitation satisfying ratio of 42.9%-58.8% appears in the growing period of winter wheat, and the yield, to a great extent depends on the water that was stored in deep soil layer in the previous rainy season. The filed trial results showed that tillage in the summer fallow period,straw cover, soil moisture regulation with adequate fertilization, crop rotation and proper croppingsystem could be the efficient ways for improving the water condition,and for the exploitation and utilization of natural water resources(both precipitation and soil water) in the winter wheat field of dryland.     

接种菌根对根际微生物群落和磷营养的影响

以白三叶草和紫花苜蓿为供试植物,采用三室装置对不同接种处理的根际土壤微生物数量以及磷营养状况进行了研究.研究结果表明,接种混合茵根真菌的侵染率显著高于其他两种接种单一菌根真菌的处理.接种菌根对植物生长以及根际土壤微生物群落数量的促进作用均较为明显,三种接种处理植物之间的生物量差异不大,接种AM菌根促进了细茵和放线茵数量的增加,对真菌数量略有促进.接种菌根对根际土壤磷吸收有显著的促进作用,有利于植被的生长,为进一步的生态恢复与生物多样性研究奠定理论基础.     

电动修复铬污染土壤的实验研究

对电动修复铬污染土壤进行了实验室研究。选用重铬酸钾作为污染物,其最初浓度为100mg/kg,实验过程中施加1DCV/cm的恒定电压,运行48h。结果表明电动修复可以去除土壤中存在的铬,去除效率可达81%。     

Toxicity assessing for chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods

Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.     

土壤重金属污染的酶学诊断——紫色土中的镉、铜、铅、砷对水稻根系过氧化物酶的影响

通过四川酸性紫色土、中性紫色土,石灰性紫色土中不同浓度的Cd、Cu、Pb、As对水稻根系过氧化物酶的影响研究,揭示了过氧化物酶受抑制与产生抗性的过程.在低浓度时,上述元素对过氧化物酶的影响能反映土壤类型影响的差别.确定了三种紫色土中Cd、Cu、Pb、As的临界浓度.     

西昆仑山区土壤垂直带谱

西昆仑山区位于青藏高原西北隅,高山深谷,原面广阔,地形复杂,气候多样,致使本区土壤垂直带谱类型众多,概分为极干旱、干旱、半干旱和高寒干旱、高寒半干旱5个类型。其中干旱和半干旱型土壤垂直带谱中广布着草原和草甸草原,是塔里木盆地南缘重要的天然牧场。特别是半干旱型中还有云杉林分布,是昆仑山系唯一森林分布区。 本区土壤垂直带谱在边缘山脉与内部山脉之间,低海拔山地与耸立在5000m左右高原面上的高海拔山地之间有明显的差别。